PMC

Three predictions concerning the relationship between temporal frequency and orientation preference domains. Orientation domains are shown as gray toned areas with increasing signal strength indicated by darker gray tones. TF1 and TF2 refer to 2 different temporal frequencies. (A) If orientation tuning depends on temporal frequency tuning, the prediction is that orientation domains shift with different temporal frequencies as shown by the changes in domain positions from the top to the bottom panel. (B) If orientation tuning does not depend on temporal frequency tuning, but groups of cells with different temporal frequency preferences cluster together, the prediction is that orientation domains would remain in the same positions (dashed lines) but that the area of strongest response within each domain would shift with change in temporal frequency of the stimuli. Again compare the top with the bottom panel. (C) If orientation tuning of the cells does not depend on temporal frequency tuning and cells with different temporal frequency preferences are distributed uniformly across cortex, the prediction is that the only change would be a change in the strength of response with changing temporal frequency of the stimuli. In this example, the 3 orientation domains shown are more responsive in the bottom panel (one temporal frequency) than in the top panel (another temporal frequency).

Correlation between the users’ temporal orientation and emotion intensity. (a) Correlation between temporal orientation and different intensities of Joy, (b) correlation between temporal orientation and different intensities of Sadness, (c) correlation between temporal orientation and different intensities of Anger, (d) correlation between temporal orientation and different intensities of Fear. Here, VLI very low intensity, LI low intensity, MI moderate intensity, HI high intensity. (*) before any value signifies that those values are not statistically significant.

Orientation and temporal frequency preference images. In an attempt to isolate pure orientation and pure temporal frequency responses, 16 single-condition images were averaged along temporal frequency or orientation dimension. Left column are responses to 4 orientations with temporal frequencies averaged out. Right column are responses to 4 temporal frequencies with orientations averaged out.

Mean temporal response and variance of response timing in the network model of pinwheel and orientation domain cells. (A) The artificial orientation map used in the model. (B) Temporal kernels of inputs to the model neurons. See for details. (C) Experimental data. The mean temporal response (top) and variance (bottom) across cells is plotted in red for pinwheel neurons and in blue for orientation domain neurons. (D) Plots of mean temporal response (top) and variance (middle) in response to preferred orientation for the network model. Experimental data and model responses both have similar mean temporal response of pinwheel and orientation domain cells. In the late part of the response, the variance in the time course of pinwheel cells is significantly higher than in orientation domain cells. The bottom panel shows the variance for the same model network, if individual neurons all received as input a similar mix of the different afferent cell types (i.e. temporal kernels). Note that in this case, the variance is much lower and there is no difference in the variance for pinwheel and orientation domain cells. Black lines on top of the figures indicate significantly higher variance in pinwheel neurons compared to orientation domain neurons. Significance was assessed using a bootstrap method, randomly choosing 50 pinwheel and 50 orientation domain neurons to compute and compare the variance pinwheel and orientation domain neurons' responses for each time lag τ, repeating this procedure 1000 times to estimate the probability of the variance of pinwheel neurons being larger than that of orientation domain neurons, regarding it significant above 95%. For the experimental data, we applied the same method, sampling a subset of 15 pinwheel and 15 orientation domain neurons at each repetition. E. Tuning of the excitatory conductances of orientation domain neurons (left panel, blue) and pinwheel neurons (right panel, red). The afferent input (dotted lines) has the same strength for both, pinwheel and orientation domain cells. For the preferred orientation, the strength of the total recurrent excitatory conductance (solid lines) is higher in orientation domain neurons. For this analysis, the network received time-invariant input, simulating a constant visual stimulation with a single orientation.